Alcohol Essay -- essays research papers

Many pregnant women are not aware of the complications that are involved with pregnancy. The greater majority of young women see pregnancy as a way of bringing a life into the world but do not use precaution in their dietary habits to prevent the destruction or inhibition of such a life. Most pregnant women continue on their drinking and drug abuse binge right throughout their pregnancy. They do not think ahead to the inexplicable damage that it could do to their fetus. What they do not know is that when a woman drinks while pregnant it could do damage, and pose problems not only to herself, but to the fetus that she is carrying. The problem? FAS, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. According to many physicians it is the leading cause of birth defects and developmental disabilities in the United States today. Douglas A. Milligan states that, "FAS is the single greatest cause of mental retardation in the U.S. today". ( Seachrist, p. 314) Fetal Alcohol Syndrome was first named and treat ed and found in the late 1960's. This condition results from the toxic effect of alcohol and its chemical factors on the developing fetus and its brain. The alcohol enters the bloodstream though the placenta and then the damage begins to occur. FAS consists of a characteristic pattern of abnormalities resulting from the exposure that the fetus has had with alcohol during early development. There have been many reports linking alcohol use and fetal deficiencies in growth that emerged from France in the late 1950's. Not until the 1960's was the correlation made between the number of defects and the increasing amount of babies born with the syndrome. The term Fetal Alcohol Syndrome was coined to describe the pattern of the abnormalities found in some children born to alcoholic women. It clearly was very noticeable and distinctive in the recognition of itself and was distinct from all other patterns of malformation in the fetus; there was a significant association found between the alco hol consumption rates during pregnancy and a lower general cognitive index of these children. Being further studied in the 1970's under the heading as a birth defect that occurs, FAS was one of the most common causes of birth defects. Researchers said that it occurred in almost 1 of every 500 to 1 in every thousand births.( Seachrist, p. 314) There is a major thing that causes difficulty in the diagnos... ...cose from mother to fetus. Several studies have shown that with the human placental tissue alcohol directly obstructs the transport of both these substances. These are two essential substances that, through research with rat embryos, have proven that the depravity of such causes malformations of fetal tissue's energy sources. The materials needed for cell proliferation, growth, and differentiation are also affected in this. The supplemental glucose thus becomes only minimally effective because of the lack of diminution of fetal growth retardation. (Michaelis and Michaelis, p. 21) Included within the nutritional deficiencies that occur are the loss of vitamins B6 and A. There is noted decrease in the transfer of B6 from an alcoholic mother to her fetus through the placenta. This vitamin is especially important in the development of the fetus because it functions as protein metabolism. There exists also a possible defect in the metabolism of folic acid. The lack of which during the gestation period produces malformations in the fetus. The last vitamin deficiency that I will note revolves around the receiving of vitamin A from the alcoholic mother to the fetus via the placenta. Alcohol Essay -- essays research papers Many pregnant women are not aware of the complications that are involved with pregnancy. The greater majority of young women see pregnancy as a way of bringing a life into the world but do not use precaution in their dietary habits to prevent the destruction or inhibition of such a life. Most pregnant women continue on their drinking and drug abuse binge right throughout their pregnancy. They do not think ahead to the inexplicable damage that it could do to their fetus. What they do not know is that when a woman drinks while pregnant it could do damage, and pose problems not only to herself, but to the fetus that she is carrying. The problem? FAS, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. According to many physicians it is the leading cause of birth defects and developmental disabilities in the United States today. Douglas A. Milligan states that, "FAS is the single greatest cause of mental retardation in the U.S. today". ( Seachrist, p. 314) Fetal Alcohol Syndrome was first named and treat ed and found in the late 1960's. This condition results from the toxic effect of alcohol and its chemical factors on the developing fetus and its brain. The alcohol enters the bloodstream though the placenta and then the damage begins to occur. FAS consists of a characteristic pattern of abnormalities resulting from the exposure that the fetus has had with alcohol during early development. There have been many reports linking alcohol use and fetal deficiencies in growth that emerged from France in the late 1950's. Not until the 1960's was the correlation made between the number of defects and the increasing amount of babies born with the syndrome. The term Fetal Alcohol Syndrome was coined to describe the pattern of the abnormalities found in some children born to alcoholic women. It clearly was very noticeable and distinctive in the recognition of itself and was distinct from all other patterns of malformation in the fetus; there was a significant association found between the alco hol consumption rates during pregnancy and a lower general cognitive index of these children. Being further studied in the 1970's under the heading as a birth defect that occurs, FAS was one of the most common causes of birth defects. Researchers said that it occurred in almost 1 of every 500 to 1 in every thousand births.( Seachrist, p. 314) There is a major thing that causes difficulty in the diagnos... ...cose from mother to fetus. Several studies have shown that with the human placental tissue alcohol directly obstructs the transport of both these substances. These are two essential substances that, through research with rat embryos, have proven that the depravity of such causes malformations of fetal tissue's energy sources. The materials needed for cell proliferation, growth, and differentiation are also affected in this. The supplemental glucose thus becomes only minimally effective because of the lack of diminution of fetal growth retardation. (Michaelis and Michaelis, p. 21) Included within the nutritional deficiencies that occur are the loss of vitamins B6 and A. There is noted decrease in the transfer of B6 from an alcoholic mother to her fetus through the placenta. This vitamin is especially important in the development of the fetus because it functions as protein metabolism. There exists also a possible defect in the metabolism of folic acid. The lack of which during the gestation period produces malformations in the fetus. The last vitamin deficiency that I will note revolves around the receiving of vitamin A from the alcoholic mother to the fetus via the placenta.

Final Assignment HUM

You are the news director of a local television station. The city council has Just voted to close city parks 3 days a week to save money. Meanwhile, a major celebrity has died. The park story has greater effect on your viewers, but the celebrity death will get bigger ratings? Which do you make your lead story and why? As a viewer I would normally say put the park story first 100 percent. This is local broadcast I want to hear about information that affects me directly.This is not the ease, though. As a news director I would put the story of the celebrity death in the lead position for the higher ratings. This may not seem like the best choice, but it is a numbers game. The good thing that may come out of leading with the passing of the celebrity is that more viewers will learn about the closures at the city parks, since they will be tuning in anyway. It is this channels responsibility to get the news out to the public, but it is the director's choice of what order that news will be s een.It is also likely that the national stations, internet, and radio will be reporting the story as well. This can mean some viewers may already be aware of celebrity death, but ultimately the city park story can run behind it. It is Just not as attention getting as the other story. This may not have been the case fifty or seventy-five years ago. Since the news traveled much slower then, the local happenings would be much more in the forefront, with national headlines taking longer to reach faraway places.This Just shows how media has changed over the last century. It will disappoint various viewers who may be tired of hearing about the death who then turn on the local station and see it again, but that is both the advantage and disadvantage of how the media is delivered in this day and age. We can learn about news almost instantly (advantage), but with every type of media outlet reporting on the most recent buzz, it can also become redundant very quickly as well (disadvantage).It is not an easy call to choose what the lead story will be because there will always be someone who has n opinion about what should have run first or could have been better, and there always will people to criticize the actions of others. Explain the effect of relationships among television, movies, and electronic games with culture. Television, movies, and electronic video games, and culture are all related and they all influence each other. Like the saying life does imitate art and are does imitate life.There are numerous television shows that relate to everyday life from the past to the present and most like will continue into the future – Just a few examples are: Friends, Sniffed, and Modern Family. The same goes for movies. The classic culture related film is: boy meets girl, boy falls in love with girl, boy loses girl, and boy gets girl back in the end. Who has not had at least one relationship like this in the past? They also relate to each other. A television show hasn 't really become an icon until it is made into a movie these days, for example Sex in the City has had not one, but two movies spawned from the show.Electronic games are included as well. There are quite a few movies that have been created from video games, like Laura Croft: Tomb Raider for example; and there have been movies that seem almost specifically made to become electronic games like Torn. Whether a person watches a movie or television show because he or she can relate to it or if it is purely entertainment, it does affect culture because it becomes a part of each person. People quote funny lines from a movie or show, why, because it they connect with what they watched and share it with others.It can then catch on and become should slang – who can forget â€Å"don't have a cow man† or â€Å"you got it dude†? Some movies, television shows, and electronic games do depict violence and demeaning social situations. They often get blamed when people in real li fe commit violent crimes. This is a topic people feel strongly about on both sides, and is not easy to defend or condemn. The most important thing to do is to talk open with our children, teach them clearly what is right and what is wrong, and give them self-confidence and self-worth, so in a controversial situation they are able to make the right decision.

The Effect Of Smoking Reduction On Lung Cancer Risk

Week 4: Assignment List Instructions: All of your answers should be written on this document. Please save the document (last name, first name) and upload it to the digital drop box. 1. Citation Exercise 1 Create a reference for each source listed below in proper APA format. - Write a reference for a book. Delivering Happiness: A Path to Profits, Passion, and Purpose by Tony Hsieh (2010). Answer: Hsieh, T. (2010).Delivering happiness: A path to profits, passion, and purpose - Write a reference for a journal article. In 2005 Nina Godtfredsen, Eva Prescott, and Merete Osler wrote an article titled The Effect of Smoking Reduction on Lung Cancer Risk. It was published in volume 294 of the Journal of the American Medical Association, pages 1505-1511. Answer: Godtfredsen, Prescott, Osler, N.E.M. (2005). The effect of smoking reduction on lung cancer risk. Journal of the American Medical Association, 294, 1505-1511 - Write a reference for an electronic source. Priscilla Long wrote the article Genome Tome for The American Scholar in 2005. It appeared in volume 74, issue 3, on pages 28-42. You accessed the article from a library subscription database called ProQuest on January 19, 2006. Answer: Long, P. (2005). Genome Tome. The American Scholar, 74(3), 28-42. Retrieved from ProQuest - Write a reference for an online newspaper article. Brian X. Chen wrote the article, â€Å"For Some Drives, an Electric Motorcycle Could Be the Best of Both Worlds,† on October 10, 2012. TheShow MoreRelatedEac Research Paper. â€Å"Where There’S Smoke, There’S Fire!†1085 Words   |  5 Pagesfire!† Smoking can be very detrimental to one’s health, something about which many of us Saudi smokers are either unaware of or do not care. Furthermore, numerous men in my country use cigarettes, and some of us have smoked from a young age. Smoking can cause many problems for people of any age, even if they do not utilize tobacco themselves. Frequently, death, doom and destruction are what come to people’s minds when cigarettes come to mind. I have personally witnessed the evils of smoking, someRead MoreWhat are the Effects of Smoking on the Respiratory System?1000 Words   |  4 PagesWhat are the Effects of Smoking on the Respiratory System? When a cigarette is lit, over 7,000 chemicals are released; however, several hundred are toxic. Why would an individual consume a toxic waste bomb? Smoking is dangerous and it does damage too many areas of the human body. This occurrence takes place first within the respiratory system. This toxic fume enters the lungs causing severe damage from the beginning. The long-term effect of smoking in the body destroys the lungs. In thisRead MoreHarmful Effects of Smoking806 Words   |  4 PagesSmoking has become very common and fashionable, especially among young boys. This habit usually begins at school when boys try to experiment with every new thing that they can lay their hands on. Despite the warnings given by doctors about the ill-effects of smoking, people continue to smoke. Smokers are addicted to it, and even if they want to, they cannot refrain from picking up a cigar or cigarette and puffing away. Some youngsters smoke for the sake of society and some feel that would make themRead MoreThe Effects of Smoking Tobacco Essay957 Words   |  4 Pageslarge portion of the U.S’ economy, tobacco smoking can lead to a variety of diseases and disorders that affect the user. The effects of smoking tobacco not only affect the user but surrounding people as well: permanently destroying their lungs and children, increasing the chances of diseases and of cancer. Diseases caused by the effects of smoking or second hand smoke may lead to emphysema. To start, even after only a few years of smoking, one’s lungs could be affected for the rest of his/her lifeRead MoreEssay on Harmful Effects Of Smoking Cigarettes1247 Words   |  5 PagesHarmful Effects Of Smoking Cigarettes Mentioned Photos Not Included There are numerous effects of smoking Cigarettes that affect the individual. They can affect not only your health but also your social and family life. It can also affect the non-smoker around you. Non-smokers suffer from allergies, noise and eye irritations and headaches as a result of inhaling second hand smoke. Smoking while youre pregnant can result to the growth of the foetus and may even result in the death of the babyRead MoreTransforming Vain Danger: Second Hand Smoke and the Abject 1854 Words   |  7 Pagescries of an infant; all are sounds of children affected by their parents’ terrible habit: smoking. Secondhand smoke affects everyone nearby, everyone breathes in those horrible chemicals found in cigarettes. What a smoker does to themselves is a personal matter, but what they do to a non-smoker is different. New laws in Texas can help protect nonsmokers from secondhand smoke, as well as the harmful effects it causes. Secondhand smoke has many classifications, a we ll known term being EnvironmentalRead MoreHigh Mortality Rates Among Men Essay1504 Words   |  7 Pagesto smoking has prompted medical professionals to encourage more lung cancer screening. Screening is recommended for all men and women under the age of 80 who are present smokers or were smokers in the past. De Koning et al. (2014) identify three sub-categories for current and past smokers between 55 and 80 years old. One category covered those with 25 years since stopping, or 20 or less pack-years. In addition, also categorized were those with 15 years since quitting, and those still smoking. TheRead MoreSmoking Cigarettes Persuasive Essay1032 Words   |  5 Pagescome with smoking; they are aware of the potential danger they are causing to themselves and the people around them. As the government, you may encounter economic benefits when people buy cigarette packs; however, these economic advantages get outweighed by the disadvantages that also come included. I believe that as the government, you should ban cigarettes in the United States, in order to prevent economic issues, littering, and prevent your people from getting lung cancer. Smoking cigarettesRead MoreSmoking Rates Among California Adults Essay885 Words   |  4 PagesProtection Act, the smoking rates among California adults have decreased by 42%. From 1990 to 1993, the smoking rates among the youth population for those ages 12 to 17 dropped down to 9.1%. From 1989 to 1993, Proposition 99 helped in the reduction of cigarette consumption by 802 million packs of cigarettes. The smoking prevalence in adults has also decreased from 26.7% in 1988 to 15.5% during the first half of 1995 (Cokkinides et al., 2009). Hence, cigarette consumption and smoking prevalence rapidlyRead MoreEffects of Smoking Ban Laws Essay1327 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction Smoking bans are policies, which include occupational safety, regulations regarding health, and criminal laws, which prohibit tobacco smoking in public areas and in work places. The rationale behind these laws is to prevent non-smokers from the effects of second-hand smoke that may among other things result in lung cancer, heart diseases, emphysema and many other diseases. Smoking ban laws make smoking indoors in many countries worldwide illegal, with scientific evidence clearly showing

The Ethical Business Of Business Essay - 2018 Words

All over the world business reputations are hitting a downward spiral, which is a serious concern for business leader because they hire the workers to produce the best possible outcome for their business. Business leaders are concerned about their unethical workplace being the explanation why their business is down the tube. Dr. Barry Morgan from the Archbishop of Wales support calls for an ethical business law. In proportion to the ethical business calling on the BBC, â€Å"Dr. Morgan believes an oath for those with the Master of Business Administration (MBA), which lays out a code of principles like the Hippocratic Oath does for doctors, would help with responsible leadership in business† (BBC: News Wales, 2011). It is probably the case that all businesses should sign the oath, this gives consumers to show that they are dedicated to being an ethical business. There are numerous of long run businesses that known to be unethical and they can steer the new business in the uneth ical direction. By adapting to business ethic terms and look for examples in the business fields that have an ethical or unethical reputation, this will give the opportunity for the business leaders to steer their employees into a healthy environment for their business to go the right direction. The definition of business ethics is the study of proper business policies and practices regarding potentially controversial issues. These issues include the global codes of ethics, corporate governance, corporateShow MoreRelatedEthical Business793 Words   |  4 PagesEthical Business Practices Ethical Business Practices Introduction Today we will evaluate the PepsiCo past performance marketing their product using the six pillars of the marketing code of ethics—honesty, responsibility, caring, respect, fairness, and citizenship. I will also outline how PepsiCo could make further progress as a good corporate citizen when it comes to consumption of its products, such as green initiatives and philanthropic commitments. Code of Ethics AccordingRead MoreBusiness Ethical637 Words   |  3 PagesAssignment 5 BUS371 [Page 51] 1. To make the recommendations, it is first necessary to understand the product that Otis Trains is selling. It is selling high quality, detailed, small batch train sets that are targeted towards affluent makes in the 30 to 50 ages bracket. For this market, we can assess the Order Winners, Order Qualifies, and Order Losers. Quality | Order Winners | Price | Order Qualifies | Lead time (to delivery) | Order Winners/ Order losers (if too long) | AvailabilityRead MoreEthical Issues Of A Business1415 Words   |  6 Pagesthe ethical issues that a business needs to take into consideration in their operational activities. Date: Ethical issues surrounding the operation of Cadburys Introduction Throughout this report I will be explaining the ethical issues that Cadburys needs to consider in their day to day activities. Also I will be focusing on the aims and objectives of the Cadburys. According to business case study the definition for business ethics is â€Å"the moral principles that guide the way a business behaveRead MoreIs Business Bluffing Ethical?1141 Words   |  5 Pagesbecome part of business. The topic of debate, however, is whether this dishonesty in business is ethical. According to Albert Carr in the article â€Å"Is Business Bluffing Ethical?†, bluffing is morally acceptable within the parameters of doing business. Carr argues that bluffing in business is closer to the strategic bluffing normally found in poker, than it is to bluffing in private life. (Carr paragraph 2) He uses a quote from Henry Taylor to describe bluffing in poker and business: â€Å"falsehood ceasesRead MoreEthical Situations in Business1062 Words   |  5 PagesEthical Situations in Business 3/26/2012 Evaluation and Recommendations by: David ________________________________________________________________________ Many businesses, such as Company Q, are faced with ethical decisions every day. And many of these ethical situations can conflict with the overall profit margin of a company. In three distinct area Company Q has made ethical choices, electing to put the company first, and its customers and community second. In our scenario CompanyRead MoreThe Business Of Prostitution As An Ethical Business Transaction Essay3674 Words   |  15 Pages The Business of Prostitution Course: MBA 588-Business Philosophy Ethics Instructor: Dr. Peng Chan Student: Ho Sy Yiing (Cindy) Turnitin Score: 17% (11% from the student?s paper written in the last semester in the writing class) Abstract The research investigates whether prostitution should be legalized and be regarded as an ethical business transaction. The research also illustrates why many people in the society are against prostitution and consider it as unethical. However, muchRead MoreIs Bluffing A Business Ethical?1103 Words   |  5 PagesIs bluffing in business ethical? I feel that the answer to this question will differ depending on who you ask. If you ask an executive in a major company a question of that sort, they might say that from time to time you have to be deceitful in order to keep the company or business afloat and running properly. That means if you have to deceive the customer, dealer, labor union, or other departments in your organization when negotiating with any of them then it will all be for a good cause. As AlbertRead MoreEthical Business Dilema911 Words   |  4 PagesEthical Dilemma Analysis through the 8 questions model by Arthur Dobrin Case 1 – Rental Applicant 1. Facts †¢ African-American applicant †¢ Stable work history †¢ More than enough income to cover the rent †¢ Good references from their previous landlord †¢ A couple with one young son (Family) †¢ Before applicants accepted, rental agent should have done a background check as a standard procedure. 2. Facts we don’t know †¢ Verifications of facts – conduct a cross check o Whether or not the factsRead MoreEthical Obligations in Business922 Words   |  4 Pagesseveral responsibilities and objectives consisting ethical obligations of various parties. 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The Impact Of Financial Accounting On The Modern...

1. INTRODUCTION Since the trading has started, the use of financial accounting has put into effect in the contemporary civilisation but it is later on that cost accounting began to make its appearance. The cost accounting system was first adopted in Robert Loder’s farm accounts in 1610-20 (Banerjee, 2014). Since then, the costing system has continued to evolute until up to now. There are two well-known costing systems. Firstly, the Conventional costing systems utilise the direct material and direct labour to products and assign the manufacturing overheads to products based on the volume-based cost driver (predetermined overhead rate) and secondly, Activity-Based costing is method that utilised multiple cost driver and allocation bases to trace overhead cost to final products (Cooper Kaplan, 1991). As a result, these cost information was useful for external reporting, performance evaluation and analysis, and decision making and planning. In the past two decades, many manufacturing organisations were applying the traditional costing method in their allocations of resources. As the overhead costs gathered momentum over the years, the TCS became more and more unrealistic and inaccurate (Langfield-Smith, Thorne, Smith, Hilton, 2015). Hence, this has led to misinterpretation of information regarding the product costs and affected the decision making adversely, e.g., managers may commit a mistakes when selling unproductive products or leaving behind the profitable productsShow MoreRelatedConstructivism, Symbolic Interactionism And Social Conflict Theory1509 Words   |  7 Pagesaware the of the history of globalisation. Whereby, Gà ¶ran Therborn suggest globalisation was fostered through six waves, originally established by the Roman Empire. The first wave consisted of the diffusion of world religions and transcontinental civilisations Therborn (2000, p.158). The rise of Christianity in Europe and Hinduism in the South East, which became â€Å"cultures, where not only a set of beliefs and ritual practices but also included a trans-tribal, trans-monarchical literary language† TherbornRead More5- Islamic Civilization (fall; a force; world peace).6212 Words   |  25 Pages(fall; a force; world peace). Islamic Civilization fall; a force Review of Muslim Civilisation: The Causes of Decline and the Need for Reform by M. Umer Chapra 4 June 2011 Within 100 years of the death of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) Muslim armies had conquered most of the Middle East, North Africa and Spain, and ventured into France. For approximately the next 600 years Islamic civilisation was far ahead of Europe in its intellectual development, military prowess and legal organisationRead MoreHistorical Background of Organisational Behaviour2958 Words   |  12 PagesHistorical Background of Organisational Behaviour EVOLUTION AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF OB OB is an old concept because every civilisation has taken interest in behaviour within organisation. Rikki and Susan Phelps write, â€Å"It is an interesting phenomenon that which is touted as fundamentally ‘new management practice’ is essentially the readapting of existing ‘old management .Truths†. 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These prerequisites are those that human civilisation has evolved over the years—rule of law, democratic institutions, sound legal framework including an efficient and independent judiciary, modern economic governance including property rights and market developing regulation, and a free and open media. 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Energy Resources: Increasing energy needs, Renewable/ non renewable, Use of Alternate energy sources, Case studies f. Land resources: Land as a resource, land degradation,

Religion S Function Free Essays

Freud had many views on the function on why we, as humans, make a big part Of our lives connected to religion. One reason he gives is because humans need a defense for the nature for which we cannot control. Freud believes that nature is cruel. We will write a custom essay sample on Religion S Function or any similar topic only for you Order Now Since we have absolutely no power over it, he believes we need protection, which would be the higher power. An example of this would be a natural disaster. This would include Hurricane Strain. Since people came together to help the victims of this uncontrollable event, one might say that there must be an explanation to why this horrible event happened. The explanation would be that God (or another higher power) has caused it so people would band together to help one another. I believe Freud is right when he says that religion defends against the cruel aspects of nature. People do come together when bad things happen and I believe that they think there must be an explanation for it and that’s why they re there to help. Without religion, they may not see the benefit in helping others. On the other had, do not believe that nature is entirely cruel. Nature also provides us with things that are essential to our survival. These things would include rain for our crops, sunlight for our bodies, and even the trees that provide us with oxygen. If nature were entirely cruel, it wouldn’t have done this. Another view that Freud had on the purpose of religion is to abject humans to live in a civilization. He believes that individual humans are a direct threat to civilizations, but humans as a whole consider it to be a benefit. To make a civilization work, there must be a leader recognized by the mass part of it. This leader pressures people to follow the rules, laws and other institutions. This leader would be the higher power. The rest, thus keeping the custom of the civilization going, adopted this coercion to the things civilians must follow. An example of this would be baptisms. Basically everyone in the Christian church has gotten baptized, but why? This rite of passage into any Christian church has been used since the beginning of its existence. The reason is because people have a learned feeling that if they don’t or don’t have their child baptized, salvation cannot be achieved. Of course, people were not born with this idea, but rather coerced into believing it. The function of baptisms are to give people the feeling of safety and also that they are involved in civilization. This â€Å"rule† of Christian civilization is the reason that millions of people are baptized and will continue to be. Freud is definitely right with this belief. Believe this because my family is a perfect example of this. I was baptized in the Catholic Church when I was a baby, yet I never go to church. My parents fell into the civilization rule made by the leader that is religion. They were brought up to believe the same belief that millions around the world believe-that it would bring salvation. I will probably do the same to my kids one day, since I now deem it as important A very important function of religion to Freud was that it made a moral code for humans to live by. This would include religious codes such as the Ten Commandments, the Noble Path of Buddha, the Five Pillars of Islam, or others. All of these represent a code that people should live by if they want to live a good life and be worthy enough for their higher power in the after life. Because of these codes, people don’t kill one another, or other bad things for the civilization, but instead try to live a good life. This good life would include, according to these codes, giving to others, believing in their God, or praying. These rules that religion forces people to live by make for a better civilization, according to Freud. These rules apply directly to human civilization n the way hat they connect to the government laws in which people live by. An example of the application of the rules into the real world is that in most countries, it is illegal to kill someone. There are serious consequences for murder. The connection between the law of a country and the law of a religion show how much religion has influenced outside civilization. The moral code that was used for religious purposed which were followed by most, had been converted into the law used by many governments today. I believe Freud was right In saying that a large part of the function of religion is to provide a moral code for people. Without it, there could be the possibility that people would be allowed to run around killing left and right. Civilization wouldn’t exist if this were true, because everyone would be dead. Although this is true, I also believe that even without the code, people would still find a way to maintain order. Onto think that chaos is only averted because of the moral codes, but because humans long for an orderly lifestyle. The drive for stable, maintained life styles is an evident characteristic of all humans. No one wants to be confused with his or her place in life all the time. It would cause psychological instability. One way or another, I believe that we would still have laws and regulations without religion. Peter Be rger is another major thinker that had his own beliefs about the functions that religion has. One belief he had was that society shapes people. Babies are born as a blank slate of a person. With no beliefs, thoughts, or feelings on any subject in the world, they learn the things that surround them. The society that they are born into has already existed for years and it shapes the way the new person can live. This creates conformity. Berger also says that a process called objectification happens; this is when people grow up in a society where they take it for granted as the right way for living compared to other societies. A great example of this would be the terrorist attacks on 9/11. As Americans, we were stricken with fear and hostility towards the people who we believed to be evil and criminal. Our society we live in does not, under any circumstance, stand for such horrible attack against our beloved country. The terrorists didn’t see it that way. The A-Qaeda found it to be the right thing to do. This directly shows objectification. Americans believed this act was of terror and were hurt deeply by it, while the terrorists didn’t. The efferent backgrounds that we grew up in compared to what they grew up in explain the differences in behavior. Berger was correct with his belief on objectification, because it is clear that people from different societies act different then others. Everyone is born the same way -? with no knowledge of anything but to eat and sleep. The society in which we grow up in makes the person. Adding to this, I also believe that societies change with new generations. New generations don’t only follow what their parents and grandparents did, but try to improve their life. This is shown by all the new technology We now live with. We always try to advance ourselves, but don’t stray too far away from what we know. Another important belief that Berger had about the purpose of religion was that it helped humans give meanings to things. People can perceive of their own experiences in a meaningful way. This is very important because it makes chaotic things have its own significance. Without religion, in Burger’s eyes, people would live with madness everywhere -? death, natural disasters and other tragedies. Berger uses the term cosmos, a notion of stability that links human experience to a divine order, offering a sense that our lives are tot mere combinations of random events but instead that our experiences are linked to some larger sacred plan. If a woman were to lose her sister to breast cancer, and then devote her life to raising money for research, she may vow that the death â€Å"meant something. † People give tragic accidents, like this one, a meaning. They reject the chaos nature of death by giving it a meaning that a divine power created it for a reason. Susan G. Someone was the dying sister of Nancy G. Brinier, who then went on to create the Susan G. Someone for the Cure. It has since risen more then $2 billion in a fight against areas cancer. The terrible death of her sister made Brinier help decrease breast cancer mortality in the U. S. Stories like this are heard all over the world because religion helps them find meaning in horrible events such as death. I most definitely believe this is the case in humanity. Without religion, life would be depressing. People die every day. Without the thought that it was â€Å"all in God’s plan†, I don’t think people would have a reason to live. Why would anyone want to if everyone just died them with them themselves eventually joining them? There are many things that we give meaning to, that we need o give meaning to, in order to survive this hard life. How to cite Religion S Function, Papers

The Life Cycle of Resistance to Change free essay sample

The Life Cycle of Resistance to Change What is change? After doing some research I came discovered that there are many different definitions of the word change. Webster’s dictionary says that change means to give a different course, position, or direction to (Merrriam-Webster, 2010). Whenever you add the word change to organizational it takes on a somewhat different meaning. Organizational change is the term used to describe the transformation process that a company goes through in response to a strategic reorientation, restructure, change in management, merger or acquisition, or the development of new goals and objectives for the company (What is Organizational Change? , 2007). Many people feel that change is the only thing in life that is constant. In many cases organizations cannot avoid change because if they do the risk the chance of going under or their organization failing. Causes for Change Today we live in a world where things are always changing. We have to change to keep up with society. Managers of organizations need to be aware of all the internal and external environmental factors that can promote change within an organization. Internal factors are all the things that happen within the organization itself. They include, but are not limited to, the following types of things: managerial policies and styles, systems that are unique to the organization, production procedures, and employee attitudes. Managers have to always be aware of the fact that they may need to alter what they are doing in order for them to be on top of their game. External factors are things that are going on outside of the organization that they really have no control of. Globalization and technological advances, competition, and the economic structure outside of the organization are all things that could promote change within the organization. If manages fail to realize that change is needed in order for the organization to survive then they could risk losing everything that they have worked so long and hard to create. Organizations change for a countless number of reasons and the ways in which they decide to change differ from one organization to the other. External Factors. Globalization, an external factor, can be a difficult term to define because it has come to mean so many things. In general, globalization refers to the trend toward countries joining together economically, through education, society and politics, and viewing themselves not only through their national identity but also as part of the world as a whole (Ellis-Christensen, 2010). Globalization offers huge potential profits to companies and nations that are willing to globalize. Globalization has been complicated by widely differing expectations, standards of living, cultures and values, and legal systems. Competition is another reason that organizations change. Organizations have to be able to keep their customers happy. Consumers are willing to buy things that they feel will benefit them the most, even if that means spending a little more money. In today’s world we have a number of automobile manufactures that constantly have to come up with better ways to make their car better than the next company so that they can continue to thrive in this always changing economy. Companies also have to develop cheaper more efficient ways of producing their products. The economic structure outside of the organization really impacts the decisions that are being made within the organization. Over the past couple of years many companies have be directly hit by the economic hardships that our country have been going through. Many companies were forced to do major cut backs to their labor force just to stay open. Whenever companies look for way to cut back on the budget people are usually the first things to go. Employees cost the company a lot of money and if the company feel that they can satisfy their customers with fewer people then that’s just what they will do. I remember when the company that I am currently work for were forced to do a major reduction to their workforce. Due to the policies and procedures that were put into play years before the economy crashed lay-offs were done on a last hire, first fire bases. They were forced to let go of a number of their valuable workers because that was what they agreed to beforehand. Not long after that they realized that they policies were costing them more money because they had to re-train so many people to fill the vacant jobs. They were forced to revise that section on their handbook so that lay-offs would be done by department, instead of plantwide. Internal Factors. Organizations are always developing ways to produce their products cheaper, faster, and more efficiently. The company that I work for are always bringing in a Kazan team in different department to help them create new ways of doing things. Sometimes something as simple as changing the process flow can make a big difference. This means that if the company changes the direction of flow that the product goes through it could cut back on the amount of time needed to produce the product. Although it may only take out a minute or two, all those minutes added together can really make a difference in the long run. If managers see that the vision that they have for the company is not working then they make want to consider shifting their focus to something that seems to be more promising. According to Anderson, whenever organizations decide to change their vision they should create an engaging description of the future and the path that will be taken to get there. He also feels that communication is very important with implementing change. Communication should be done regularly, using multiple media, in jargon-free language. It should detail what the change will mean for the organization and its members and why the organizational members should be excited about the change. Whenever management notice a decline in employee morale this may be a good sign that a change needs to come about. Whenever employees feel that they are not getting what they are worth they tend to perform at a lower level. Employee’s attitude and work habits begin to take a downward fall whenever they are not satisfied with the way the organization is operating. Management should take heed to this warning signs and decide to start making some changes within the organization. One example that comes to mind occurred at my current job. Management where requiring four team members to perform the task and duties of six team members. Those four team members were required to work 12-hour days Monday through Friday and 8-hour day during the weekend. At first it was alright, but as time went on it became more and more demanding on the team members because they were rarely able to get the required amount of rest needed to perform their job duties. The team members started taking Fridays off so that they could have the weekend off and when management finally realized what was going on they brought in the much needed helped. The team members are still working seven days a week, but only eight hours a day. Now the team members look forward to going to work because they are not being over worked. Resistance to Change Our natural reaction to change, even in the best circumstances, is to resist. Awareness of the business need to change is a critical ingredient of any change and must come first. Roger Von Oech said it best when he said: â€Å"There are two basic rules of life: Change is inevitable and everybody resists change. † (Seiner, 2000). People typically avoid situations that upset order, threaten their self-interests, increase stress, or involve risk. People will always resist change because humans have a natural fear of the unknown. If people have had bad past experiences with change the next time a change comes about they are going to view it as being negative and unneeded. Burtonshaw-Gunn and Salameh defines resistance to change as an individual or group engaging in acts to block or disrupt an attempt to introduce change. People resist change when they believe change is unnecessary or will make the situation worse. They subscribe to the belief, If its not broken, dont try to fix it. They are not keeping up with the outside world and feel that their way is the only way. They might say something like this â€Å"Things have always been done this way for as long as I can remember and we do not know what is going to happen if we change†. They fear that the change will mean personal loss of security, money, status, friends or freedom. If the employee feels that the change is going to affect their job status or job security th ey are going to resist. They are not going to be willing to accept a change that could put their job and well-being at risk. If they did not have any input into the decision making process they will probably resist. The employee may feel that they were manipulated because the changes were kept secret during the planning stage and the change may have come as a surprise. They may not be confident that the change will succeed because they believe that the organization lacks the necessary resources to implement the change. The employee may have a personal predisposition to change. The employee may have a negative experience with change in the past and now they feel that anytime a change takes place it is going to be bad. Fear of the unknown plays a big role in change resistance because whenever employee learn a job and becomes very skilled they tend to forget that things can be done in more than one way. Whenever management announces that a change is going to take place and the employees who do not see a need for that change they will resist. They will more than likely form groups that are going to protest the change and these groups could even influence others to be against the change. Successful Ways to Manage Change and Resistance Managing organizational change requires maintaining an active focus on all stages of the change process. Although people naturally resist change, they can learn accept change whenever they feel that the change will result in some personal gain. People will accept a change that is going to make them look good, have better job security, and increase their status quo. People will also support things that believe in. If the people feel that the change makes sense and is the right thing to do then they are going to support it. Management should give the employee an opportunity to provide input into the change process. Management should make the change known as soon as possible and ask the employees for their opinion. Whenever the employees feel that what they have to say can really make a difference and that they had a chance to be heard they are less likely to resist. This does not mean that the company should ask the employee for their input just for the sake of asking and then do whatever they want. If the employees come up with ideas that could potentially benefit the organization, the organizations should find ways to implement those strategies into their change process. Whenever employees respect the person who is advocating the change they are more likely to accept it because they may have a fear of disappointing that person. Lastly, whenever the employees believe it is the right time for the change they will be more willing to accept the change. Six Cycle Change Process. Whenever management decides to make changes within the organization they should take the time to plan for the change. They need to understand that change does not happen overnight and if they forget to involve the people the change may not stick. Rick Maurer author of a book entitled â€Å"Beyond the Wall of Resistance† outlined a six step model called The Cycle of Change to help us better understand how to approach and deal with change (Maurer, 1996). The six steps are something’s up, what is it, what do I need, I will do this, I am able to do it, and I got through it, what’s next. Step one, something is up is known as the early recognition of the coming change. While in this stage everything may seem normal, but you begin to get that feeling that something is up and a change may be coming soon. During step two you are able to see the situation clearly. You then begin to weigh your options and decide whether this change is going to present a problem or an opportunity to you as an individual. But you still need a clear understanding of the situation in order for you to make the right choices. Whenever you enter stage three you are trying to formulate a course of action. You have to decide what you are going to do and how you are going to do it. Stage four is the time when you decide that you are going to put your plans in motion. You are aware of what needs to be done; now it is just a matter of doing it. After you act on you plans you approach stage five of the change cycle with hope. Although you may have to make some adjustments to your plan you begin to realize that it may actually work. This stage gives you motivation because you now believe that the goals established by the plan can be accomplished. If you make it to stage six, it is time to celebrate. You have successfully made it through this change and things seem to be normal again. Although they are not the old normal they are working. Once you have mastered all six stages in this change cycle and you understand that change is always going to occur you look forward to the next time change comes about. Conclusion. The ideas of change and resistance go hand and hand, you cannot have one without the other. The cycles of change and resistance continue to exist in our everyday lives and there is nothing that we can do to avoid it. Change within the organization play major role in the overall success of the business. Manager need to know all the internal and external factor that promote change within the organization. They should not focus all of their attention on the actual change itself, but they should come up with ways to effectively promote the change within the organization. They need to realize that change is the only thing that they can depend on because it is always going happen. How each individual deals with that change is really up to the individual, but management can have some influence if they promote the change in the correct format. Management need for the employees to be open-minded to the idea of change. They employees should be taught to approach the change with understanding and hope. Even with the proper teaching and training resistance is still going to be present. Management need to know and understand that resistance to change is natural, but following the right steps and guidelines could help them successful implement the change.